Characteristics and Advantages of Database Approach

Characteristics and Advantages of selective knowledgebase Approach infobase Design ConceptsNitya MandalIntroductionThe over solely assignment deals with characteristics of selective in stageionbase form, its burn down and how it re householdd the filing cabinet establish sexual climax.In e precise transcription in that respect is read of infobase. Database is entreaty of info in a social organisationd and more taxonomical way that helps in retrieving the info easily and efficiently. Before selective informationbase boldness came in to picture thither was wedge based plan of attack in which there were application programs which were use to perform serve for end drug exploiter and pass water reports. However every program use to superintend its own information. collectible to this and various new(prenominal) limitations send formation was replaced by entropybase brass.The modern entropybase onrush has much advantage that helps not but the organization but standardizedwise the common people in their day today life.In the downstairs assignment all the characteristics of selective informationbase has been described.Task 1 Describe the of import characteristics of the informationbase access and contrast it with the commit-based fire. Analyze the key issues and application of informationbases within organizational surroundingss. chief(prenominal) Characteristics of the Database ApproachSelf-describing nature of a entropybase body A DBMS catalog breeds the description of the database. The description is called meta-data which is data about data. This allows the DBMS softwargon to elaborate with diametrical databases.Insulation between programs and data Also known as program-data freedom. Without do each trade to DBMS entrance money programs the data computer store body structures and operations set up be changed.Data Abstraction The availability of data model approach helps in hiding the physical view of data i.e. the storage details and other internal level information and provides the inventionual view of database.Support of multiple views of the data The database approach allows severally user to corroborate their own view of the database which describes only the data of interest to that user. in that location argon various benefits of having multiple views such asReduce complexityProvide a level of securityProvide a weapon to customize the appearance of the databasePresent a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database, even if the underlying database is changed sacramental manduction of data and multi-user achievement appendageing The database approach allows a set of con online users to retrieve and to update the database. Spreadsheets cornerstonenot offer some(prenominal)(prenominal) users the ability to view and work on the different data in the uniform accuse, because once the first user opens the file it is locked to other users. separate users thunder mug read the file, but whitethorn not edit data. For example, when unmatchable user is changing data thus the database should not allow other users who query the equal data to view the changed, unsaved data. Instead the user should only view the original data.Controlled access to database whitethorn includea security trunkan integrity systema concurrency harbour systema recovery control systema user-accessible catalog.File-based SystemFile-based systems were the manual based approached utilize for managing the files. Its mainly the collection of application programs that used to provide services for the end-users. Each program was defined for a item task and hindquarterst be used simultaneously with each other.However, there ar many pitfalls of file based system.Separation and isolation of dataWhen data is isolated in separate files, it is more herculean for us to access data that should be available. The application software engineer is mandatory to synchroniz e the processing of 2 or more files to ensure the wane data is extracted.Duplication of dataWith the use of the decentralized file-based approach, the uncontrolled extra of data used to occur which can lead to tone ending of data integrity as well as is wasteful as it occupies inessential space in memory storage atomic number 18a.Data dependence employ file-based system, the physical structure and storage of the data files and takes are defined in the application program code. This trifles the file to be program-data dependent. If the user want to make any change in the existing structure it was a laborious a task and will lead to a modification of program. such(prenominal) maintenance activities are time-consuming and subject to error.Incompatible file formatsThe structures of the file are dependent on the application programming lyric. However file structure provided in sensation programming language such as direct file, indexed-sequential file which is available in COB OL programming, may be different from the structure generated by other programming language such as C. The direct incompatibility makes them difficult to process jointly.Fixed queries / proliferation of application programsFile-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. any(prenominal) required queries or reports project to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered.Database ApproachIn order to overcome the limitations of the file-based approach, the concept of database and the Database Management System (DMS) was emerged in 60s.Advantages of DBMSsControl of data periphrasisData agreementMore information from the same measuring rod of dataSharing of dataImproved data integrityImproved securityEnforcement of standardsthriftiness of cuticleBalance conflicting requirementsImproved data accessibility and reactivity change magnitude productivityImpro ved maintenance through data independenceIncreased concurrencyImproved backup and recovery servicesDifference between file system and DBMS 2Both systems contain a collection of data and a set of programs which access that data. A database management system coordinates both the physical and the logical access to the data, whereas a file-processing system coordinates only the physical access.A database management system reduces the amount of data extra by ensuring that a physical physical composition of data is available to all programs authorized to have access to it, whereas data written by one program in a file-processing system may not be readable by another program.A database management system is knowing to allow flexible access to data (i.e., queries), whereas a file-processing system is knowing to allow prede edgeined access to data (i.e., compiled programs).A database management system is designed to coordinate multiple users accessing the same data at the same time. A fil e-processing system is usually designed to allow one or more programs to access different data files at the same time. In a file-processing system, a file can be accessed by two programs concurrently only if both programs have read-only access to the file.Redundancy is control in DBMS, but not in file system.Unauthorized access is restricted in DBMS but not in file system.DBMS provide backup and recovery. When data is lost in file system then it not recover.DBMS provide multiple user interfaces. Data is isolated in file system.In file system there is no concept of tables orrelationsbetween tables it just organize the magnetic discs row by row. Database system contains table and relationbetween the tables.A File manager is used to store all relationships in directories in File Systems where as a data base manager (administrator) stores the relationshipin form ofstructural tables.Disadvantages of database approachThe Database approach too has some disadvantages. They areComplexityDat abase management system is an extremely complex piece of software. The users must be familiar with its functionality in-order to make full use of it. Therefore, tuition for the administrators, designers and users is required.SizeThe database management system consumes a substantial amount of main memory as well as a large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. toll of DBMSA multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high recurrent yearbook maintenance equal on the software.Cost of conversionWhen moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost.PerformanceAs the database approach is to manage many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before.Higher adjoin of a failureThe database approach increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centra lization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the node seriously.Application of database in an organizationA management information system(MIS) is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management, analysis, and decision making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedures, models for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a data base.Managers at all levels use similar data. in operation(p) managers require data which is timely, precise, detailed, internal and historical. Upper level managers lack data which is aggregated, external as well as internal, future oriented as well as historical and covering a longer cut across time. An effective MIS cannot be built without viable data management tools.Any organization has management planning and control activ ities in the middle and strategic planning and policy making in top management. The database related to an organization contains data relating to the organization, its operations, its plan and its environment that helps in decision making. Transactions record actual results of organizational activities and environmental changes and update the database to maintain a current image.People in the organization query the database for information to conduct the mundane operations. Middle management receives reports comparing actual results to previously recorded plans and expectations. The corporeal database provides data for modeling and forecasting which support top management needs. The somatic database supports all levels of an organization and is vital for operations, decision making and the management process. network database This model stores the records with links to other records. Most network database include hierarchic model. This type of database can spread over the geogra phical area when used in large organization.Another database application is OLTP (Online Transaction Processing).Database applicants are any type of company that has customers/clients, keeps stocks of products, provides a service etc. Finance institutions, accountants, domain agents, solicitors, training organizations, schools, colleges, motor dealers, opticians etc. practicablely every category of disdain uses the database system.Database id used in Universities for student information, course details, and grades. It is used in Airlines for reservations and inscription information. Also in Credit card transactions database approach is used for purchase on credit cards and generations of monthly statements. Apart from this in Human resource database is used for information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes, benefits and for generations of paychecks. In Banking too database is used for customer information, accounts, and banking transactions.Task 2 The database management system (DBMS) has promising potential advantages. Critically evaluate the advantages and features of database management systems.Advantages 4There are various advantages of introducing database system approach in an application system. Some of them are discussed belowControl of data redundancyIn the database approach there is central repository of data that not only helps in avoiding the wastage of storage space but also helps in controlling the redundancy by data integration. It helps in avoiding the duplication of data by following techniques like normalization and key concepts. Thus the data is stored in database table at only one place from where it can be retrieved when needed, by avoiding redundancy.Data consistencyThis is maintained by following the concept control of redundancy. If the data is stored at one place in a database then while updating any information the changes will be through at only one place which is reflected at all place where ever it is present in whole da tabase. There is no need to change at all places where that data is present. For example if an employee has a change in his divvy up then only in employee table the address will be changed. From there it will be updated every where in database. Thus it ensures all copies of the data are kept consistent. This helps in maintaining consistency of information throughout the system without any loss or shoddy of information.More information from the same amount of dataWith the integration of the operated data in the database approach, it may be possible to derive additional information for the same data. All data is stored in a single database, preferably of being stored in various other separate files, making the process of obtaining information quicker and in an slatternly way. For example, in the file-based system of a property company, the Contracts subdivision does not know who owns a enlistd property. Similarly, the sales Department has no knowledge of lease details. Now when we combine these files, the Contracts Department has access to owner details and the Sales Department has access to lease details. Thus more information can be derived now from same available data.Sharing of dataThere is central repository of data in a database system that makes it available to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users.Improved data integrity .5Data integrity mainly refers to ensuring that data is recorded scarce as intended and when retrieved its in the same way as it was when it was recorded. There should not be any data loss when data is retrieved. It mainly provides the validity and consistency of stored data. The database application has various Integrity Constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. One of the constraints is specifying data type for every data item. Another is referential integrity constraint in which a record in one file must be related to records in other files. These constr aints help in maintaining integrity of data.Improved securityDatabase approach provides a protection of the data from the unauthorized users. It may take the term of user names and passwords to identify user type and their access mightily in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Providing the facility of accessible rights in database system for various levels in an organization makes it secure for use. For example, the DBA has access to all the data in the database where as a branch manager may have access to all data that is related to only his branch office. In a similar way a sales assistant may have access to all data relating to properties but dont have any access to sensitive data such as staff salary details.Enforcement of standardsThe integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, certificate standards, update procedures and access rules. It helps in maintaining standards among the use r in an organization. The sharing of data within departments, exchange of information among the users on various projects become easy following the standard database on a centralized environment.Economy of scaleUsing centralized database helps in combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. This helps in cost thriftiness as well as reducing redundancy among the applications. The organizations can invest their money on purchase new tools like sincere processors, storage space and communications devices. Instead of each department buying individually, the organization as whole can do this by saving operational and management time and money.Balance of conflicting requirementsBy having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather that for an individual entity.Improved data acc essibility and responsivenessBy having integration in the database approach, data accessing can be crossed departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users.Increased productivityThe database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allows the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development.Improved maintenanceDatabase approach provides a data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will be affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance.Increased concurrencyDatabase can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no preventative between users that would not result any loss of information nor loss of integrity.Multiple User InterfaceDBMS provides a variety of user interface like q uery language for casual users, programming language interface for application programmers, command codes for parametric users, menu-driven interface for standalone users. It provides web based GUI interface to database.Improved backup and recovery services red-brick database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach.Referenceshttp//www.gitta.info/IntroToDBS/en/html/DBApproaChar_mehrfachn.htmlhttp//1upto.blogspot.sg/2012/09/list-four-significant-differences.html.http//databases.about.com/od/administration/a/choosing_a_db.htmDATABASE SYSTEMS- A Practical approach to design, implementation and management by Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg- 4rth Editionhttp//www.cvauni.edu.vn/imgupload_dinhkem/file/CSDL/Fundamentals_of_Database_Systems, _6th_Edition.pdfhttp//databases.about.com/od/administration/a/choosing_a_db.htm