Mohandas Karamchand Mahatma Gandhi

I am not a shrine who has strayed in politics. I am a politician who is trying to sprain a saint. Gandhi In the 1800s most of the cultures and ethnic congregations in southeasterly Africa were treated with less respect than deserved. The Indians were forced into southwesterly Africa because of the British imperium expansion. These Indians, mostly poor, were in a system close to slavery. In southernmost Africa the non-whites didnt get very many job opportunities. In mho Africa they had very few landholders, teachers, or businessmen who were non-whites.Most of the non-whites got their education in a mission and took up Christianity. The Colored people were a mixture of different ethnics except black or white. These people were the second largest group in South Africa. The Indians were mostly farmers, but some went on to do their education and became rich with their shops and warehouses. The British ruled the people in South Africa. In April of 1893, a lawyer by the name of Mo handas Karamchand Gandhi came to South Africa on a business trip to take a case in an Indian Firm. Gandhi only intended on staying in South Africa for the case. teensy did he know that it would change his life forever. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Porbander, Kaithiawad. He was born to Karamchand and Putibai Gandhi. Gandhi was the youngest son of his fathers fourth wife. In 1876 Mohandas started primary feather school. During this time Gandhi was betrothed to Kasturba, which his parents had to set up. Gandhi went on to high school put forward Rajkot, named Alfred high school. As a school boy Gandhi was a incertain person who never talked to any of his classmates, but in 1883 he was wed to Kasturba. They were both 13.When Gandhi married he didnt think anything of it, and thought it meant he could control his wifes life. Kasturba was a little more supreme of her own life, and let Gandhi know when he stepped over the line. The tradition for youthfulne ss marriages is very common for Hindus. Two years later on November sixteenth of 1885 Mohandas life took a sudden turn when his father died, after by being ill for two years. Gandhi was not there when his father died he had left moments before. In 1887 Gandhi applied to college, and got in at Samaldas College, but Gandhi prove the studies hard and only stayed for one term.

Upon Westminster Bridge and Kensington Market

The Kashmir temblor happened on Saturday October 5th 2005, at 850am local time which had a magnitude of 7. 6. 74,500+ were dead and 106,000+ were injured in the Kashmir region of Northern Pakistan which was the 14th deadliest earthquake of all time. Its focus was 26km complicate and the shaking lasted for 60 seconds (1 Minute). The most naughtyly affected area was in the Epicentral area slightly Muzaffarabad which is the capital of the Pakistan administered region of Kashmir. It is 80km north-east of Islamabad. 20 afterwardshocks were followed after the earthquake.It is said to be the strongest earthquake to hit the region in a century. The primary effects of the Kashmir earthquake included Several trains on pocket-size lines were derailed, 3. 3 million homes were destroyed, 79,000 pile were killed and 100,000 injured. Secondary effects included Electricity, muff and water supplies were disrupted, an outbreak of diarrhea spread from contaminated water supplies, respiratory in fections such as pneumonia and people died of cold and starvation during the harsh pass season especially homeless people.Longer end point effects of the Kashmir temblor included The overall cost of the damage was $1000,000, 3. 3 million people had to live in temporary accommodation until rebuilding could start and in rural areas the crops mostly survived and so did the animals living there. Short term responses were render food and water, rescuing trapped people, rescue and medical teams arriving from other countries, tents supplied. Medium edge responses are Re-establishing water supplies, building temporary, prefabricated houses, providing money for temporary housing.Long term responses are Preparing disaster plans and carrying out regular practices, training parking brake services, circumstance up an efficient earthquake warnings and information system using the media in that respect are many similarities and leavings from the Kashmir earthquake compared to other earthq uakes such as Kobe earthquake/Great Hanshin. The Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, at 0546 in Japan. The focus was about 19km below the sea whilst the Kashmir earthquake was 26km down.This will make believe an immense effect on the earthquake, Also, The epicentre was between Kobe and Awaji Island whilst Kashmirs was around Muzaffarabad. For the Kobe earthquake nearly 200,000 buildings were destroyed whilst for Kashmir there were at least 1 in very 10 buildings were destroyed which will be high than the buildings collapsed in Kobe earthquake. 5,500 people were killed and 40,000 were injured and an estimated 230,000 people were made homeless in the Kobe earthquake.In the Kashmir Earthquake, 74,500+ were killed and 106,000+ were injured which is more than double the people who were affected from the Kobe Earthquake. otherwise reasons for Kashmir Earthquake being more unvoiced are It is a hilly area, it is in a collision zone. These stats tells us that The Kashmir earthquake was stronger and more severe and had a bigger impact to the society, economy and physical effects. Another difference is that the Kobe government made a slow response and lack of an emergency plan when the earthquake hit.In Kashmir earthquake, the government reacted instantly. Many good and bad things happened after the quake, 1 week after the quake the death chime continued to rise, bulldozers began to clear streets and knock down unsafe buildings, some shops and schools reopened. after 2 weeks Overcrowding in makeshift shelters became a health hazard, cold abide led to a flu epidemic, people needed help to get laid with the stress and shock of the quake.

Difference Between Tangled and Classic Princess Movies

Jaimie Kim English 1 Language Dynamics First plan of Analytical Essay November 6, 2012 Well, Im reall(a)y not suppositional to speak to strangers, only weve met before once upon a dream. This quote from quiescence saucer portrays Walt Disney Productions grand tradition of Disney princess characterisations of how close to of the pistillate protagonists are hold for her love. . In 2010, however, Disney created a characterization, named problematic, which was based on the Grimm Brothers tale of Rapunzel. Although Disney decided to ordain its own version of this tale, Tangled is still almost(predicate) the long-haired princess who is locked forward in a tower by a witch.Instead of dreaming about love, Tangled presents a boloney where Rapunzel makes a deal with a thief, Flynn Rider, to go on an escapade to see the festival of lights that appear annually on her birthday. Among the genuine Disney princess movies, Tangled is distinguishable beca example of the lack of fem ininity shown in the title. Disney had named all the fairy tales with titles that did not intrigue all auditory modalitys, such as Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast, and Sleeping Beauty. On the contrary, the tale about Rapunzel was not named Rapunzel, but quite the title Tangled, which interested a larger auditory modality.Another difference that can be seen between Tangled and The Little Mermaid, as the ideal classic princess movie, is the distaff protagonists approach to love Rapunzel to Flynn Rider and Ariel to Eric. Lastly, the other princess movies were mostly all wasted by hand and appeared to be flat while Tangled was created with computer-generated images that make the visuals more loving and, therefore, was added to the list of successful animated films that were produced by Disney.The titles of the classic princess movies followed a pattern Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was a movie about the princess Snow White, Cinderella was about Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty was about the princess Aurora. These titles had female characteristics that caught girls interest, but did not appeal to the other half of the young earshot the boys. Nevertheless, those movies were successful, but why did Disney decide to change its style for the title of the story of Rapunzel?Many believed that the title change may have had something to do with them fixture the handed-downRapunzelstory enough that it warranted a completely different title. ex Markovitz, however, argues that beca personaThe Princess and the Frogwas no great shakes at the box office in 2009 and Disney cute to make the project seem less girlish, the title was changed from Rapunzel Unbraided to Tangled. This proves that Disney thought that The Princess and the Frog govern in the box office was a failure because of the title.This leads to why they named the movie Tangled, so they can attract varied demographics. It also drew the audiences attention to the duos complicated family. In addition, this movie was not all about Rapunzel, because there was another protagonist anyway the princess Flynn Rider. By having the title as Tangled, Disney broke the standard of titling the princess movies by their names. establish on the main characters attitude towards love, Tangled is classifiable from Disneys The Little Mermaid. I specifically chose this classic princess movie because some believe that Rapunzel is an Ariel knock-off. Throughout The Little Mermaid, Ariel and Eric communicate to each other by only smiling and doing gestures. It was slightly ridiculous how they still managed to fall in love, as shown in the scene where Ariel udders Daddy, I love Eric and, in the end, gets married. The indicate behind the whole concept of love at rootage plentitude is, as Robin Murray says, If Ariel wasnt attractive, Eric would not be as actuate to spend time with her. Likewise, if Eric was unattractive, Ariel wouldnt have sold her soul to be with him. (146) This proves that fact that the relationship was based entirely on looks, because these two characters did not communicate with each other effectively. As a result, they k newfangled nothing about each other besides seeing that the significant other was attractive and, therefore, the one for them. This shows that the Disney princess movies were all about the idea of love at first sight. Aside from the concept of love, Tangled was a movie that had a plot of ground that related to reality, minus the magical hair of Rapunzel. This can be seen at the moment where Rapunzel scoffs at Flynn when he broke out his charm.This sets her apart from most of the other princesses, who would most likely swoon over Flynns charisma. In the presence of an attractive guy, Ariel jeopardizes her existence, but Rapunzel is not impressed and is ready to use her frying pan as a weapon. Throughout the movie, Rapunzel and Flynns relationship contrasts greatly from Ariel and Erics. They dont fall in love instantly, which doesnt foll ow that princess movies storyline of love at first sight. Their relationship progresses and the audience are able to witness all the individual brilliant moments they shared together. Rapunzel and Flynn first had a friendship that was a combination of fun and rage that later progressed organically and realistically, into love. Rapunzels approach to love was more upstanding and relatable to the viewers, which shows the difference between Tangled from not only The Little Mermaid, but also to the rest of the classic princess movies. The classic Disney princess movies were all made from the traditional hand-drawn process. Due to limitations in computer technology, many basic principles of animation had been slay from these movies.Tangled was created by victimizationcomputer-generated imagery, known as CGI. Even though it was a CGI film, the producers wanted this movie to be more attractive visually by still having movement that mimicked the soft fluidity of the hand-drawn art found in classic Disney princess movies. This is why Disney decided to have the movie modeled afterwards the romantic look of French Rococo oil paintings on meditate from the artist, Jean-Honore Fragonard, as stated by New York Times. (Scott) This helped add an atmosphere that had a magical appearance.Rather than focusing on realism, the 3D team decided to use an aesthetic approach that drew the audience in a fantasy. Tangleds stereoscopic supervisor, Robert Newman, explains of the process of the new approach Were using depth more artistically than before, by using a new technique called multi-rigging, which is made up by multiple pairs ofvirtual cameras. each(prenominal) pair is used individually on each separate portion that adds depth to a scene, like background, foreground and characters, without adjusting for the relation with the other pairs.

Of Mice and Men: My Impression of Curley’s Wife Essay

Curleys wife is just a young woman seeking attention, cutaneous senses the only way she can receive it is if she throws herself at the men roughly the ranch. In all h one and only(a)sty, Curley should give her more attention than she could ever wishing for, however, in the 1930s things were a lot different to how they are immediately for women.Curleys wife gives off the impression that she is a floozy and an exceedingly chat upatious woman throughout the whole novel. For example, when she leans her body ag personalst the pole So her body was thrown forward. This suggests that she is aiming to make all the males in the bunk theater admire her female beauty, since her husband wont.Also she give tongue tos genuinely playfully towards the men around the ranch, which illustrates that she seeks some fun and enjoyment, which she is clearly not receiving from Curley. This is why she wonders elsewhere. An example of this playfulness is when she says If he aint, I sham I better go l ook some place else, You whitethorn think that she is talking about spirit for Curley, but in fact, this symbolises her looking for other sexual pleasures, with the other men.The character of Curleys wife shows an filthy mean streak with her racism towards Crooks in one of the chapters. Crooks makes it clear that he does not have the liking to talk to her, resulting in a very serious threat towards him come up you can keep your trap shut then, Nigger. I could get you string up on a tree so easy it aint even funny are the exact words she uses in the novel. This not only demonstrates that she is infuriated by the fact that nobody wants to talk to her, but it also shows the horrific racism that went on in the 1930s, both(prenominal) Curleys wife and Crooks know that him having dark strip down means the first sight of trouble and he will be abandoned or worse, killed. People with dark skin were treated wish well dirt in those days, Crooks was nothing more than a tool, an animal, a disgrace Curleys wife desperately wants somebody to parcel of land conversation with and she feels very lonely and isolated, however, this is no excuse to be so prejudice against Crooks in my opinion.Personally, I am not a broad fan of the character of Curleys wife. I feel some of her actions are very unnecessary and she should keep herself to herself, as appose to trying to flirt with all the males and going behind her husbands back.

Comparison and Contrast of Two Legal Journals

Upon first pondering the idea of comparing two profound journals, I automatic tout ensembley summ aced thoughts of lugging a seventy pound book over to a table then blowing the dust off of it. In realism I found several journals to choose from, each with a a couple of(prenominal) subjects to select from. I chose struggle Journal of Association of Trial rightyers of the States and Law Practice management as my journals to compare/contrast. They were quite a stark contrast to what I imagined them to be, visually as well as in regard to content.Though the content and themes of the two journals differed, they were written in comparatively similar ocabulary levels and style. I saw no advantages in one and only(a) over the other, since they cover different subjects and both would most equally wax beneficial if in the possession of a Neither journal was intimidating, as I had perceived them to be in my imagination. Both journals followed a relatively similar information layout to that of PC Monthly or Car & truck Digest, in that they resemble a magazine with an editorial surgical incision and a News and Trends section.They were both written in a vocabulary that was non heady at all in my eyes any college school-age child should manage reading it easily. In the case of Law Practice Management, one whitethorn need a firm grasp on financial lingo for some of the specialized articles relating to bookkeeping, but beside that, both journals were as palmy to understand as Life magazine. Both journals had a special digest in each issue, with Trial mainly focusing on issues like civil rights, internet law, and other current issues that trial lawyers may non be familiar with.Some of the actual articles were The Violence Against Women Act, patrol misconduct, and Looking at State Constitutions. Law Practice Management eals with topics relevant to lawyers as well as other corporate professionals that may deal with the legal profession, such as how to keep good dealing with clients, how to increase your profits with legal fees. Their special feature of one issue was Ten ways to make more money, and a nonher was holding a life-long client.The journal also includes a large editorial section in the front of the magazine, followed by news on current technologies minded(p) to the legal field. Both journals had rather small articles, but most all questions posed were answered thoroughly. Though most articles were concise, there were no gaps in their eporting of the story. Law Practice Management was relatively straightforward and unbiased, however, Trial seemed to take a liberal military strength with how they structured their articles relating to civil rights.I took no plague to this, because I tend to take a more liberal stance on civil rights as well as other semipolitical issues. Being somewhat certain that I will continue to chase a future as a lawyer and politician, I view that this served as a helpful introduction to journals I m ay assume to in the future. A trial lawyer seems like an interesting profession, and Trial seems to be n easy-to-read, relaxed way of staying abreast current issues relevant to cosmos a trial lawyer.The articles are informative, yet do not imbibe on for two or four pages. The vocabulary is pretty simplistic, and should not pose an intellectual threat to any individual in the law profession. Most people in the law industry probably fatality to maximize their profit potentials, where upon Law Practice Management will examine beneficial. This journal, too, is easy reading, and deals with current high-tech tools helpful in the legal field, as well as informative tips on a lawyers people and professional skills.

Hamlet Act II Close Reading

William Shakespeare exercises umteen types of literary contrivances to describe the very principle of hamlets authorized battle. critical point compares himself to a peasant slave and to the talented actor, whom could give a win over performance without feeling the true emotion. After his visit with the locomote (his supposed father), he has been dedicated to the idea of plotting r withalge of his uncle-father. Although, it is difficult for Hamlet to perform this offensive act, because of his disgust of the emotionless scheming revenge.Lastly, for Hamlet to estimate and convince himself to follow through with this scheme, he arranges a trap to entertain Claudius unknowingly reveal that he is guilty. In the beginning of Hamlets soliloquy, he compares himself to a rogue and peasant slave, which points out that Hamlet is frustrated with himself. In this metaphor, Hamlet feels terrible that the actor could shed more than emotion, and force his soul to feel made up feelings in a work of make-believe.The use of visual imaginativeness is used when Hamlet describes his acting, That from her working all his visage waned, tears in his eyes, distraction in his aspect, a broken voice, and his whole function suiting Here Hamlet is surprise by how easily the actor could show such emotion, and he even says what would he do, had he the motive and the cue for passion that I meet? He knows that actor would be even more tremendous if that was the case, because the use of a hyperbole is noted when he says, He would drown the point in time with tears and cleave the general ear with horrid speech. After stating the supra facts, Hamlet then looks at himself and sees himself as pathetic.His reflection of himself, describes that he is an unattractive, uncourageous trickery and protests that he primarily just mopes around and has no demand to plot revenge and doubts his ability to achieve it. Another literary device utilized is the rhetorical questions he asks himself , Am I a coward? Who calls me a villain? Breaks my pate across? Plucks off my beard and blows it in my demo? Tweaks me by the nose? Gives me the lie I th throat as deep to the lungs? Again doubting himself for his lack of motivation. A bit of point also takes place after these questions, when he asks another rhetorical question, who does me this? Swounds, I should take it which could possibly take place later on in the puzzle out, that someone will call him out, and there is only one effort why someone would his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet creates a negate with himself deciding whether to go or not to go through with this horrific scheme, but he reminds himself that his fathers life has been stolen so he must seek his revenge.Hamlet is planning to have the players play something manage the murder of his father before his uncle that he can observe his his uncles looks to estimate his guilt. Hamlet concludes to himself that he know his course of what to do if his uncle do blenc h or flinch. Shakespeare uses personification on the word murder, for he states that murder, though it have no tongue, will speak with most miraculous organ, referring to the situation of murder creation able to speak through the actors.This is significant because it is a step precedent towards Hamlets plot of revenge. Although, Hamlet may believe that the odour that he have seen may be the devil and devil hath power tassume a pleasing shape, this symbolizes the use of hell imagery and portrays the theme eye of the beholder. The devil can be very convincing and can disguise itself as something or someone we desire and enjoy. So, with that being said Hamlet concludes that hell have grounds more relative than this. The plays the thing wherein hell catch the conscience of the king.

Financial Highlights of John Lewis Performance Essay

gross revenueSales atomic effect 18 the performance within a championship for the purchases of products and service. This is also the operate revenues that is earned by the companyby selling their products or services. hold water course of instruction, the rail line was involved in an accounting scandal, and saw the departure of roughly senior executives. However the retail giant, which has more than 3,300 stores in the UK, had a erupt Christmas than expected. The sales over the holiday period were down just 0.3 portion on the year before and up 0.1% if fuel sales are included. Overall, comparable sales for the three months to the beginning of January were down by 2.9%.Tescos chief executive, Dave Lewis, said the firm was facing the reality of the situation and was eyesight the benefits of listening to our customers.RevenueRevenue are the amount of m unrivalledy that the duty receives during a specific period which includes the discounts and deductions that are for retu rned merchandise Revenue is measured by multiplying the price at which goods or services are change by the number of units or amount sold. Tescos revenue increase from the years 2010 to 2011 from 57,502m to 61,174m. This infers to us that there would be an increase in the thrones stockholders equity and its assets. The revenues will increase the retained earnings particle of stockholders equity. The assets that ordinarily increase are cash or accounts receivable. Conversely within the years of 2012 to 2013 the business revenue decreased from 64,541m to 63,967. This indicates to us that the business trim down their pricing. However within 2013 and 2014 there was an increase within the revenue figures from 63,967 to 64,149. do goodProfit is the money that the business makes after accounting for all the expenses. This is a financial benefit that is realized when the amount of revenue gained from the business activity runs the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain the act ivity. Any profit that is gained goes to the businesss owners, who may or may not decide to spend it on the business. Tescos Britains biggest retailer Shares fell as much as 17 per cent to their lowest in around 14 years as it said trading profits for the year ending February 2015 would not exceed 1.4bn. This is 500m below current market forecasts of 1.9bn.DebtDebt is the amount of money borrowed by one person from an another(prenominal). Manycorporations and individuals use debt as a method for devising large purchases that they could not afford under normal circumstances. A debt arrangement gives the borrowing individual permission to borrow money under the checker that it is to be paid back at a later date, usually with interest.Within Tesco the debt decreased within the years of 2010 to 2013 from 14.0b to 13.5b because the business is paying off debts owed regularly which results in a positive cash flow. On the other hand the business debt increased within the years 2013 to 2014 from 13.5b to 14.5b. This is for the reason that the business are not paying off the liabilities that are owed.PensionA pension is a type of retirement plan, usually tax exempt, where an employer makes contributions toward a pool of currency set aside for an employees future benefit. The funds is then invested on the employees behalf, allowing the employee to receive benefits upon retirement.Philip Clarke and Laurie Mcllwee are members of the Tesco PLC pension scheme, which provides a pension up to two-thirds of base salary on retirement, normally at the age 60, dependent on service. Within the organisation each years pension earned before 1 June 2012 will be increased up to a maximum 5%. perturbationTurnover is the number of times an asset is replaced during a financial period. This would be the number of shares traded for a period as a percentage of the total shares in a portfolio or of an exchange.As we can see above, on Tesco profit and loss sheet there was an increase in the turnover from the years 2010 to 2011 from 56910.0m to 60455.0m. This indicates to us that Tesco has strong sales within this year as the business is re-stocking cash quickly and has a lower risk of becoming stuck with obsolete inventory. On the other hand within the years 2012 and 2013 there was a decrease in figures from 63916.0m to 63406.0m. This tells that the business is carrying too much inventory which purpose poor inventorymanagement and low sales.

Course Notes

Can thorough farmers produce enough viands to head for the hills the world? Discuss this question commenting on the place of natural husbandry in sustainable food systems In order for organic body politic to produce enough food for the world In a sustainable system, Limiting factor outs to labor In the organic system imply to be overcome. Through yields outputs to primarily disease attend and fertilizers, this method of farming could solve global hunger and world starvation, giving us aOn the otherwise hand, conventional agricultural production systems are not necessarily sustainable-perhaps we direct a compromise. Continual cropping and grazing, together with over use of herbicides, Insecticides and fertilizers are Inarguably prejudicious to the environment and the web of life. There has often been a proposal that blue Australia could become the food bowl of Australia. The argument against this Is often that disease and gent control In the Northern climates is a majo r Limiting factor to production.Extrapolating this to a world internet site, I dont believe organic farming on a world scale could achieve the production levels required to feed the escalating population. Without conventional inputs, which are not always organically friendly, I substructurenot underwrite adequate production to feed the world. Perhaps in to the future this can be achieved. As dad just pointed out-in the North of Australia, and this would be in other matching arid countries of the world, animal production, is relatively easily to be organically certified because they dont need to use drench, fertilizers etc-only some feed supplements which could be organic.The problem areas are the more tropical areas where disease and pest control are more difficult in an organic plant production system. -produce food of optimum quality and quantity using sustainable farming practices -produced in over 130 countries -represent fastest growing food arena worldwide -market analyst forecast annual growth rates amid 10-30% around the world -basis is -healthy, biologically active soil -enhance and maintain railway line NotesThe focus of Case 4 is how poor communication can heart an organization. Communication is essential to the survival of any organization. A pretermit of sound communication will result in comminuted to no coordination and cooperation, resulting in decreased performance. In assessing Strayhorns communication effectiveness, virtuoso can key the negative impacts EI experienced because of his approach. Two of the biggest factors dampened by his style were morale and productivity. In addition, failure to address rumors circulating in the grapevine increased anxiety, stress, and crises among employees.With EIs contract with Ocean maculation coming to an end, the big question for EI employees was whether or not the contract would be renewed. Mr. Strayhorn failed to directly address the bit. It seems as though Strayhorn was more concerned with saving-face than the needs of his employees. One can then sympathy employees actual mistrust in management because of their lack of information. This in crack caused many employees to develop personal barriers in the form of psychological distance. The lack of proper open and downward communication led employees to utilize the grapevine.From the good example, one can easily see the grapevine was a product of the situation EI faced. One can also reason the desire for information and hazard were additional factors that encouraged employees to become part of the grapevine. Unfortunately in this case rumors began to circulate through the grapevine. Since each employee possessed interest and ambiguity with the situation, it is sluttish to see why rumors formed. Consequently the accepted rumor was Ocean Point would not renew EIs contract and EI employees would not be suitable for hire with Ocean Point.Although this was not factual, the rumor caused dramatic increases in stress, an xiety, and crises among EI employees. In addition, Strayhorn failed to recognize how the rumors would affect organisational culture. The uncertainty in the situation caused the organizational culture to become unstable. Since the causes of the rumors were not removed, Strayhorn should collect addressed employees with a opposite to attempt to control the rumors. However, Strayhorns lack of action suggests he had little concern with restoring social equilibrium.By failing to effectively communicate, provide insufficient information, control rumors, and restore social equilibrium, Strayhorn caused employee morale and productivity to dramatically decrease. Evidence of these nonadaptive effects can be seen through the fact that potential sales were reaching their peak while actual sales were declining. If Strayhorn would shake openly communicated EIs problems and disclosed managements efforts to get the contract renewed, he would have also conveyed his concern for employee needs.The e mployees would have most likely responded positively because the elements of trust would still be present. However, as this was not the case Strayhorn should have realized EIs environment had changed and adapted his results-oriented approach accordingly. In this situation the system model would have been appropriate for a few reasons. beginning the basis of the system model is trust and community. Although failing to communicate developed mistrust, by showing sincere care and compassion for each employee Strayhorn could have reestablished trust.Secondly, this model could have allowed positive organizational behavior to grow, which would in circle have boosted morale. In conjunction with the system model, Strayhorn could have strived to achieve a fun work environment to aide in combating the stress stemming from uncertainty. By combining these methods and theories, EI could have increased actual sales and its chances of contract renewal. However, because of their lack of profitabili ty Ocean Point may now be opposed to do so.

Organizational Structure Paper: Bank of America Essay

jargon of the States is bingle of the largest financial institutions not only within the U. S. but around the valet as well. Its beginning rooted from a small entrust called money box of Italy that was established by Amadeo Peter Giannini and his son in San Francisco, California in 1904 (coin bank of the States Heritage. , 2012). At the time of establishment its initial reason of earthly concern was to service those that were turned away from new(prenominal) banks most were farmers who had come from Italy ( cyclopaedia Britannica , 2011).Today coin bank of America provides services for almost 60 one thousand million consumers its new headquarters is now in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1958, pious platitude of America was also the first to create a bank humor called edgeAmeriCard, which allowed customers to access their accounts and charge purchases to them as well. Corporate Structures There are contrastive types of corporate organizational structures vertical structure s and horizontal structures. The vertical structure consists of a hierarchically structured organization where all management activities are controlled by a centralized management staff (Bateman, T.S. , & Snell, S. A. , 2011).This is more of a handed-down type of organization such as that of Bank of America that much develops strong bureaucratic control over all organizational activities. foreign a horizontal structure which is one of decentralization of power and or control. At least within specific departments an emphasis is placed on horizontal collaboration, rather than conceiving of leadinghip as one person invariably being in control. Leadership is often shared among team leaders and members shifting to the person with the most knowledge or expertise in the matter.Within the horizontal structure on that point are also other types of sub organizational structures The Functional Organization (Departmentalization around specialized activities), The divisional Organization ( units around products, customers, or geographic regions), The Matrix Organization (managers make known to two superiors) and The Network Organization (independent mostly single-function plastereds that collaborate on a good or service), (Bateman, T. S. , & Snell, S. A. , 2011).A comp whatsoever such as Bank of America may determine if they have the right structure by looking at their firms activities and how well they meet their goals and those of the firms stakeholders. Bank of America Structure The initial structure for The Bank of Italy (now called Bank of America) in 1904 was comprised of its CEO (Amadeo Peter Giannini) and a small circuit board of directors. The initial corporate structure for this entity could be described as a classic horizontal structure where the CEO occupies the top position and is the elderberry bush member of top management.The top managerial level also include a board of directors without any additional management till the bank began to expand and merge with a variety of other financial corporations. The merging of Bank of America with other corporations such as Nations Bank, Fleet capital of Massachusetts and Merrill Lynch amongst others that had different organizational structures created the read for the new bank to restructure its own organization (Bank of America Heritage 2012).The current structure is comprised of a CEO, CFO, COO, a board of directors and an international operations team amongst others that report this instant to the CEO. Although the CEO is the leading executive this functional organization also shows indicatives of having a divisional structure because of its departmentalization that groups units around products and geographic regions. This type of organization nooky be vanquish described as a matrix organizational structure (Joseph, 2012).The matrix structure is a combination of the functional and divisional structures. The former divides departments within a company by the functions performed, while the last mentioned divides them by products, customers or geographical location. The organizational structure apply by the bank is atypical because it brings together employees and managers from different departments to work toward accomplishing a goal. A disadvantage of having a matrix organizational tructure is that it is expensive to maintain (Joseph, 2012). A companys overhead cost typically increases because of the need for persona management not that this would be a huge problem for a financial institution of this measure (Joseph, 2012). The structure is influenced by the dynamics and size of the corporation its marketing, finance, human resources, and operations departments dirty dog also be raise overseas running its international banking institutions.The matrix structure allows Bank of America to have the flexibility of a divisional structure by percentage the separate divisions act almost as separate businesses or pelf centers and work autonomously to accomp lish the goals of the entire enterprise. While the functional structure used by large companies such as this one may take along several different functional groupings unique to their businesses an example is that of Bank of America, having separate management for those in charge of the international and domestic flavor of the business (Bateman, T.S. , & Snell, S. A. 2011).Conclusion As corporations are born they are simplified in structure, as they grow and possibly merge with other corporations there comes a time to cater to the new needs and demands of the management structure. With any corporation the foundation is always a CEO or electric chair however how a company decides to structure and organize its employees and decision makers can be the key difference between a failing and successful company.It takes careful analyzing of the business to accurately determine which structure may best suit the organizations needs and even then it may take a few changes to find the right fit. Bank of America has come a long way from its beginnings and along the way it has been fitting to adapt to new structures. Part of its success comes from its organizational structure Bank of America has thrived and become a successful financial corporation that has since imagination not only helped itself but others that in times of great need was able to help finance things such as movie projects, and the formulation of the golden gate bridge.

Importance of the Bungalow

In the transition of the 19th to the 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate, American families turned their interest to a clean style of blank space the cottage. This new style of housing would be smaller than the previously popular nutrition arrangements such as the Victoria style home. The bungalow homes were more(prenominal) unvaried with each other, which created a more homogeneous look in neighborhoods. They were samely much more affordable home to Americans than previous homes, and promoted efficiency and progressivism.The parole bungalow was described by Gwendolyn Wright as usually referring to a relatively unpretentious small house the term implies a one-story or story-and-a-half home plate of between six hundred and eight hundred square feet. Bedrooms were very(prenominal) small, and the kitchen was usually only big enough for one person to hit in at a time. Edward Bok, the editor of the Ladies Home Journal, promoted a descriptor of Progressive causes. He used the magazine to publicize the simple bungalow style. He stated that we need only to be more lifelike to get put up to our real, inner selves. He believed the homes at the turn of the century were too cluttered and over-furnished, and many of the homes problems were directly related to nervous breakdowns of women in that time period. Bok thought many women were pressured by amicable criticism to hold back from simplifying their home, they dreaded the possibility that their rooms would be called bare. But more comfort in the homes would, in turn, as well as make lives simpler. Families could endure fuller lives because they would have more time.Gustav Stickley was one of the more influential promoters of the bungalow home. Stickley suggested that many social issues and problems could be remedied by the adoption of a more simple home style. Even issues such as divorce rates, lack of servants, crime, and civil disorder. He believed that the dominant characteristics of the pioneer y et shape what are the salient qualities in American life. He went on to say that to preserve these characteristics and to bring back in individual life and work the vigorous constructive fondness is, in a nut-shell, the craftsman idea. Stickley proposed that the seemingly obvious place to lay out readjustments was in the home, as it would appear natural that the relief from friction, which would follow the order of our lives along more simple and reasonable lines, would not only evidence comfort and efficiency to the American workers, but would give children a get around chance to grow up under higher degrees of mental, moral, and physically competent conditions. New innovations in kitchen design would make more people, especially women, undecided to the bungalow style house.At this point, it is clear that women are becoming more active in mainstream society. Before the bungalow, to the highest degree often employed effeminate domestic servants were the primary workers in the household. These domestic servants were usually black matrimonial women rather than live-in workers. The bungalow building designs would allow more and more housewives to stool and create meals in their own kitchens. Between 1900 and 1920, the number of domestic servants declined by half, from eighty per thousand families to thirty-nine.Gwendolyn Wright says builders praised the smaller, better-equipped kitchen, planned for the domestic scientist who had no need of a servant. Women were now more able to experiment in the kitchen, and new appliances allowed for speedy preparation. These new appliances also gave housewives more time, which in turn, made it easier for them to become better of the working world if they chose to do so. Typical jobs that many women held in this time were receptionists, clerical workers, and typewriters.Building corporations also favored the outbreak for new, more uniform, and simpler housing. more or less of the country was still available for construction, which gave these companies many opportunities. The simple design also made them easy to construct, which in theory would allow for greater profit. This is similar to the developments popular in todays society. These developments now will be erected just nigh anywhere there is open land, just as small bungalows most likely did in the early twentieth century.This type of house was a progressive house in the sense that it had technological advances such as better equipped kitchens, running water, hot water heaters, and machines. The advancement of the bungalow would eventually lead to greater architectural discoveries, including the suburbs that comprise much of this nations real-estate. The bungalow was widely accepted by society because democratic architecture meant true(p) homes available to all Americans through economy of construction and materials, together with the prerequisite standardization.

Jesse Pinkman Character Analysis

Humanities 103 October 20th , 2012 Char executeer Analysis The character that I chose to study is Jesse Pinkman from the show rupture Bad. Breaking Bad is considered to be one of the outperform shows of on the whole times. The show alone won around 14 divers(prenominal) awards and has been nominated for a variety of different categories and awards. Not to mention all the awards and nominations its actors, and director has received. The show has outstanding acting and quality production value. Breaking Bad is a level about a chemistry instructor Walter White who scores lung cancer and breaks bad to make money for his family before he passes a itinerary.He decides start making and distributing methamphetamine later having seen the amount of money it is able-bodied to bring in. Walter encounters Jesse while on a ride along with his brother-in-law who plant life as DEA agent, and that is when he gets idea to work with him. Jesse is Walters former school-age child who is alre ady mired in the drug scene, they start off unitedly as a team when Walter makes a deal with Jesse not to plough him to the DEA, after having recognized him at the scene of a meth research laboratory running away. The show takes them deeper into the hands of drug cartel as it goes on, and they go through a round of absurd situations together.Jesse is a 25 naval division old man who is long estranged with his family . At a early glance you inhabit nothing about Jesse besides the fact that he is what social club would classify him as a low life. His occupation in the beginning is a meth cook, running a lab in a small house in house comparable conditions with his simple(a) school friend. As unappealing as his life might numerate to a viewer he is a truly likable character, regular in the beginning. We might conclude that Jesse is a higher(prenominal) school slack out who has no further education is not very incite to change whatsoeverthing about that.As a viever I did not see Jesse as one of the main characters for a long time in the firstborn season. His role seemed to be somewhat unimportant in a way. possibly it is because of his lifestyle, and you are automatically assume he will be push aside out because he is not very successful as a drug dealer that Walt expects him to be. But as the story develops and goes on Jesse genuinely becomes one of my most favored actors and characters. He is easy to be eleemosynary to and in a strange way very relatable. You learn to a greater extent and much about his character and his life, and values.At a much further incite of the show a lot of his soulfulnessal issues and life is uncovered. He comes from an upper-middle class family with parents with very high expectations. Getting a glimpse of his parents behavior with Jesses younger brother makes you realize that the reason why he is the way he is, is simply out of rebellion. Jesse was not a successful scholar at school, presumably because he was already using drugs raze in his teen years. He was kicked out of his house by his parents because of his rebellious behavior. Jesse past moves into his auntys house who has cancer, and he becomes her primary care giver.After his aunt passes away Jesse remains living in her home. As a person Jesse is relatable and believable, because in our society today we see more and more high school drop outs. Thinking back to high school I can see a lot of potential Jesses there. They have lawsuit of dialogue, clothing style, and behavioral problems. I remember seeing guys like that at parties and I knew I had to stay away, and keep my distance because they were either intimidating, or I simply did not want to associate myself with people like that. But men like are shaped because of rejection and unacceptance.As we get know Jesse we see a lot of candid in him. Even though he is not close to his parents he has a good kindred with his younger brother, and is protective of him. Jesse takes the blame of having marijuana in his parents home after he tries to take shelter there again, but ends up get kicked out again for fault of not his own. Jesse in general is very protective over children and feels the need to keep them away from his own ship canal and lifestyle. He is very angered and upset whe neer the story involved any kind of harm to a child.Even though Jesse acknowledges that he is a criminal, he has a very hard time dealing with any deaths involved and participating in murder. You could tell that he feels remorse and regret when a situation calls for murder and he is the one to have dealt with it. He doesnt want to be involved in any criminal activities and wants to get his life straight. Taking that into consideration the viewer sees him as less of a villain, and desires for him to succeed and get better. When Jesse is faced with a stressful situation or one that involves a quick decision, he becomes very aggressive, and anxious.Having been forced into the l arger picture of the drug dealing world by Walter he is frequently reluctant and unreliable. He is often not taken serious collectible to his drug addiction, and doesnt have much value to the antagonists of the show. However Jesse does read from the person he was when he just entered that world to a more fully-grown man as the show develops. Walters and his ordeals teach him a lot of lessons and responsibilities in the business. But no matter the situation he never turns his back on Walter and persists to protect Walter from any potential risk to his life.There comes a point for Jesse where his value is being tested, and he proves himself valuable and loyal. Jesse cleans up his act and becomes sober, but still acts out on occasion. He is later laid under supervision of Mike, who is the go-to guy for sticky situations. Since Jesse has never had a good father figure, Mike becomes that to him, and Jesse begins to look up to him in a way. I think that Jesse was good asset in the sho w because he make it more believable as a story of the ordinary life. Aaror capital of Minnesota is the actor who portrays Jesse and he does a wonderful job playing his character, and has even gotten awards for it.Like I have previously said, Jesse is a very common image of a person we might see in out society today, and the acting by Aaron makes it easy to refer to those type of people. His transformation story is very touchy and convincing, and he might even develop frantic attachment to his character, leaving you wanting him to prevail his problems. The show unveils his potential as a person and shows all the good ethics in him, which by chance was a call to action stunt to the viewers to reconsider opinions about stereotypes.

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay

This paper explores kind rectify wings issues as it relates to women the right to create the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to be inured gibely, the right to autonomy, and the violations of basic human rights. I will reflect on how the issue of gibeity for women is addressed nation eithery and globally. In discussing human rights related to womens issues of neighborly injustice by industrial and global growth, I explore ways in which tender actioners commit to cope withity and what live attitudes may indispensableness to be refined. I discuss how global exploitation continues to oppress and stigmatize females. This paper also examines barriers to swop and how empowering women can go up their understanding of human rights and the process of change.In July of 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, ground on the promulgation of Independence statement on reach rights for all, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions demanded the pairity of men and wo men in several issues including the right to voting (Stanton & Anthony, 1997). This proposed stop stated, The floor of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the interrupt of man toward cleaning woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute totalitarianism over her (Stanton, 1889). Thus, in the United States, the plight began for equal rights for women in a male dominated field. Considering the period of time human beings have populate this planet, the concept of equality of the human sexes is a rather new prospect. men atomic number 18 generally physi bordery stronger than women and have exploited this for centuries influencing societies, religions and traditions.They have created for themselves arnas which are beneficial and convenient for them in time abusive and oppressive for women. In some countries, including our own, religion and tradition are often used as acknowledgment for not implementing equal rights. According to U NICEF, working women globally not except earn significantly less than men, they own far less keeping and hush maintain the majority (80%) of household work (UNICEF, 2007). Biases in proportion law and inheritances also make women (and children by virtue of being natural to women) to a greater extent vulnerable to poverty. Historically, and in some countries currently, violence against women was/is generally unimpeachable and at times, considered necessary (i.e. honor killings). So how do we advocate for change from centuries of burdensomeness and discrepancy towards women?Ending disparity in all forms and advocating for friendly justice is the concrete foundation and committal of the kindly Worker. The internal connection of brotherly Workers Code of Ethics states friendly Workers should act to expand excerption and opportunity for all people, with special regard for vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited people and groups (NASW, 2000, 6.04b). Social wo rk practices, policies, and services mustiness continue to address the disadvantages women and girls face. Advocacy for equal education, health care, employment, protection from violence, and rise from poverty for women is essential.According to NASW ethical principles, Social Workers respect the inherent haughtiness and worth of a person and are consistently proactive in helping people in need and advocating for social justice. In 1945 in its preamble, the United Nations and the peoples therein declared their commitment to fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small (United Nations, n.d.), solidifying their commitment toward equal rights for women. Social Workers and the nations representing the world have sworn their allegiance to ensuring impartiality amongst the sexes. But how far have we come in success fully accomplishing this finale?Jessica Valenti, a writer for the Washington Post states in her article For women in America, equality is still an illusion (2010), despite the indisputable gains over the years, women are still being raped, trafficked, violated and discriminated against not just in the succour of the world, that here in the United States. And though feminists continue to shift sexual activity injustices, most people seem to think that outside of a few lingering battles, the work of the womens movement is done. This especially ring true to me. There are still so umteen knockout injustices against women here in the United States (i.e. violence, trafficking, unequal pay, unequal governmental representation, etc.) but the general public rejects this fact, therefore, we are only beginning to tackle this problem. umteen programs which support, empower, and assist women toward self-determination (NASW, 1.02) have been created however progress is slow and many more are needed. How is the rest of the world fairing toward the goal of equal righ ts for women? teach moreWhy Should Women Have Rights?There is a saying in Ghana, If you educate a man, you simply educate an individual, but if you educate a woman, you educate a nation (Womens rights worldwide, 2007). But, unfortunately, being a woman in a developing country could mean a conduct of poverty, abuse, exploitation, and deprivation. In some countries, girl babies are killed because boy babies are considered more valuable. Woman worldwide own 1% of the property however work two-thirds of the worlds labor and earn 10% of the worlds wages. Honor killings (those women determined to dishonor a family) still occur in at least 17 countries identified by the United Nations.In 1980, the United Nations supported the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of disagreement against Women, sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights for women, where nations committed to end discrimination against women. People around the world express support for these world confer ences and gender equality however people in many countries say inequalities persist. A 22-nation survey by Pew Research Centers worldwide Attitudes Project in the spring of 2010 suggests the world supports gender equality however many more changes are needed and change is less than vigorous. The spare-time activity study chart describes the percentage of countries views on who has a better brio and who supports equal rights (Pew Research Center, 2010).In my research of global rights for women established by macro entities toward practice and policy change, the Worldwide Womens Integrated indian lodge for Everyone and Everything best defines a global bill of rights for women which I admire and support. They call this The Thirteen Rights A Global Bill of Rights for Women. It includes the following 1) The right to vote in all elections 2) Equal representation in the government 3) The right to assemble and access to communication 4) Females will be educated equally to males 5) Fre edom of movement 6) Freedom of marriage or non-marriage 7) The right to film weapons for protection 8) The right to own property 9) Equal rights, pay, and access to work 10) The right to choice of personal appearance 11) The right to birth pull wires 12) The right to safely terminate a pregnancy 13) The sanctity of female genitals.The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) recognizing social workers commitment to human rights and equal treatment for all human beings, issued an international policy on women in 1999. Policy Statement 5.1 best sums up the views of international social workers by stating, Womens rights are human rights. To the extent that women and girls do not jollify equal rights, their common human needs, and those of their families, will not be fully met and their human potential will not be fully realized. Therefore, the social work professions core commitment to human rights must involve a commitment to protecting and preserving the basic rights of a ll women and girls. Women of all ages and at all stages of the life cycle deserve protection from discrimination in all forms, including the elimination of all forms of gender-specific discrimination and violence (IFSW, 1999).I am in complete agreement with the NASW and IFSWs policies on equal rights for women. We must continue to research the effectiveness of national and international programs and reorganize, if necessary, to hear delivery of rights to women everywhere. As social workers, it is imperative to advocate for all human rights, especially those oppressed, as women have been for centuries. We can do this through support, education, opportunities, and empowerment. I would like to see the United Nations imply sanctions to those entities that profess commitment to equal rights yet in reality do not practice what they lecture.In this paper I have reviewed the journey toward equal rights for women on a personal, national and internationally level. Historically weve lived in a male-dominant world and the concept of equal rights for women has been generally foreign to global communities. Social workers are instrumental in expressing to each other and to the world the importance of dignity and worth of every person and the significance of a just and true society. In creating policies to define the rights of women, we must follow-through with punishing injustice practices in our own society and the global community. We still have a farsighted way to goReferencesInternational Federation of Social Workers. (2012, February). Policies women. Retrieved from http//ifsw.org/policies/women/National tie of Social Workers. (2000) Code of ethics of the national association ofsocial workers. Washington, DC.National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks National Association of Social Workers policy statements 2012-2014. 9th edition. Washington, DC NASWPress.Pew Research Center. (2010). Gender equality universally embraced, but inequalitiesacknow ledged. Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved fromhttp//www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/Sowers, K. M., & Rowe, W. S. (2007). Social work practice and social justice From local toglobal perspectives. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.Stanton, E. C. (1889). A history of woman suffrage. (Vol. 1, pp. 70-72). Rochester, NY Fowlerand Wells.Stanton, E. C., & Anthony, S. B. (1997). The Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony papers project. In A. Gordon (Ed.), Declaration of sentiments and resolutions (Vol. 1). New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from http//ecssba.rutgers.edu/pubs/volume1.html UNICEF. (2007). Women and children the multiply dividend of gender equality. (p.36). Thestate of the worlds children, (2007), Retrieved fromhttp//www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdfReferencesValenti, J. (2010, February). For women in america, equality is still an illusion. Washington Post. Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/19/AR2010 021902049.html Womens rights worldwide. (2007). Working against the oppression of women around the world. Retrieved from http//womensrightsworldwide.org/Worldwide Womens Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything. (n.d.). thirteen rights a global bill of rights for women. Retrieved from http//globalwomensrights.org/index.php

Negligence Essay Essay

Mark sued a affirm for injuries. He was not paying trouble as he entered the cashbox because he was looking at at his phone. And he fell suffering $10,000 in injuries. Prior to the fall, the janitor had buffed the floor. The janitor had an IQ of 70. Normally, the janitor was closely supervised. However, today his manager was extremely tired, and the manager didnt tick off that the janitor had carelessly used way too much floor jump that was extremely slippery. Is the aver liable for the janitors negligence (be sure to go through all the elements. Additionally, note that under the doctrine of respondeat superior the bank WILL be liable for any potential negligence of the janitor employee)? What defenses bequeath the bank assert? Assume that the jurisdiction does not recognize self-assertion of risk or contributory negligence. The jurisdiction does recognize the defense of comparative degree negligence. In order to title a negligence claim a person mustiness first show that t he defendant had to have acted a certain way toward the plaintiff. Second that the defendant failed to act in a reasonable manner.Finally, the plaintiff must show they suffered actual indemnification or loss due to the unreasonable sort. Negligence is a behavior or conduct creates an unreasonable risk or harm to others. The bank bequeath be responsible for the janitors negligence. The janitor is considered an employee of the bank. Therefore, under the doctrine of repondeat superior the bank is responsible for the negligent actions of the janitor. Repondeant Superior, states that the employee is liable for the actions of an employee when the actions take place within the background knowledge of employment. This gives a person injured in a place of production line a better chance of find oneselfing damages, In this case the employer is considered the forefront and the employee the agent.Under respondent superior the principal has control over the agents behavior and must take r esponsibility for the agents actions. In this case the bank must takeresponsibility of the janitor. The bank could argue that Mark contributed to the fall for not paying attention to his surroundings by paying more attention to his cell phone than to where he was walking. They could argue that if he had not been on his cell phone he would noticed the shiny slippery floors. This is called causative Negligence, but the courts do not recognize this defense. Mark could then go for his damages or loss under Comparative Negligence. Meaning he could do one of the two things 1.) he could have all his damages totaled and then reduced by what would be his negligence in the matter or 2.) The courts could say he cant recover anything if they find that he was just as negligence as the bank or janitor.

Decomposition Lab 5

Lab 5 DECOMPOSITION (Nov 2, 2011) Introduction Decomposition is the disruption of constitutional material into its smaller molecules and elements. (This term is generally considered as a biotic process however wholeness may find it in addition used to describe an abiotic process, e. g. , due to weathering. ) The decomposing organisms may use the termination of elements for nutrients and by breaking apart the carbon-carbon bonds in constitutive(a) case this can release energy for them.These smaller molecules and nutrient elements may to a fault become uncommitted for use by the primary producers (i. e. , plants and phototropic microorganisms). Decomposition is an important step in the food chain and contributes to the nutrient cycling within an ecosystem. Most of the organic event in an ecosystem ultimately passes through the decomposer subsystem. Decomposition of organic matter is a major ecosystem process involving an array of different organisms.The catabolism (break wa ste of molecules into smaller units) of the organic compounds is mostly accomplished by bacteria and fungi. However if one considers decomposition as the disappearance or breakdown of organic swarm past the flat coat fauna (invertebrates much(prenominal) as the springtails, mites, isopods, etc) must be included in this array of colly biota that contributes to the decomposition of organic matter. Wood decomposition is also influenced by the fungal species that break it down. round of these species spirt brown rot (where only cellulose and hemicellulose argon broken down leaving lignin which is brown), while others form white rot where all triad are broken down). The majority of fungi are white rotters, but brown rot fungi are ecologically important because they form long-lived nurse logs. Decomposition rates vary due to abiotic factors such as moisture level, temperature, and landed estate type. The rates also vary depending on the amount of initial breakdown caused by the pr ior consumers in the food chain.The more broken down the organic matter (greater surface knowledge domain open), the faster is the final decomposition. There are a variety of methods to acquire decomposition rates. For example, 1) slant loss (a change in organic matter mass over time) such as exploitation litter bags or core sampling 2) organic tissue or component substrate changes (e. g. , weight or concentration changes of cellulose or lignin) 3) microbial populations (fingerprinting the microbial populations bear and their changes) and/or their activity (e. g. carbonic acid gas evolution using alkali traps eg, sodium carbonate spread, sodium hydroxide or detection of CO2 in gaseous samples e. g. , infrared Gas Analyzer-IRGA, gas chromatography-GC. Objectives 1. Determine CO2 evolution as an index number of decomposition and microbial populations from the hardwood, conifer and garden soils using a passive soda water lime trap. 2. Determine the effects of isopods on d ecomposition of vine maple leaves 3. run across differences between brown and white rot in wood decay 4. Solve a problem set using conifer harass mass loss data from litterbags. . Soil CO2 evolution using the Soda Lime technique (a still-chamber method) CO2 evolution will be determined from the soil surface beneath conifer trees (Douglas-fir and cedar), deciduous hardwood trees next to Winkenwerder Hall, and a nearby garden soil on campus using the static trap soda lime technique. Soda lime gains weight when exposed to CO2. The main components of soda lime are Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (ab turn up 75%) Water H2O (about 20%) Sodium hydroxide NaOH (about 3%) chiliad hydroxide KOH (about 1%) The method is based on the adsorption of CO2 by soda lime that is measured by a weight gain. The following absorption reactions occur 2NaOH+CO2picNa2CO3+H2O Ca(OH)2+CO2picCaCO3+H2O Procedure 1. arrive at soda lime 2. Dry the soda lime in a clean beaker at 105 C in a drying oven to need adsorbed moisture (212 Bloedel) 3. When dry (probably overnight or until it s primes losing weight), weigh out approximately 10 g into a soil can (record to at least the nearest 0. 001g). 4.A plastic container (16 cm diam) is used as a chamber to trap CO2 evolving from the soil. 5. At the field sites prepare the soil can with soda lime on the soil and then place the plastic container upside down over it and push its edges into the soil to form a seal around the beaker to trap CO2 from the soil respiration. 6. Also place a control (blank) sample of soda lime in a soil can in the field also under a plastic container, but one that has a skunk on it (aluminium foil) so that it does not allow CO2 evolving from the soil to be adsorbed.This control (blank) is treated as all other samples except that it is not exposed to soil CO2 evolution. 7. Incubate for 24 hr (leave in situ so that CO2 evolution has been subjected to abiotic/biotic fluctuations occurring over the diurnal period). 8. subsequently 24hr remove the soda lime from under the can and put the top on the soil can to keep CO2 exchanges from occurring. 9. Dry the soil can of soda lime (uncovered) in the drying oven at 105 C (overnight sufficient) and then reweigh. 10.Three replicate samples are used for the conifer, hardwood and garden soils as well one blank at for each one site. 11. At each site record pH and temperature in the upper 5 cm of mineral soil. Make general observations about the amount of roots you hang at each site Calculation The difference in weights forward and after incubation is an estimate of the grams of carbon dioxide evolved from the soil. Multiply this weight by a correction factor* of 1. 69 (due to 1 mole of piss generated by each mole of CO2 absorbed by the lime) (Grogan 1998).The units are g CO2 per container area per 24hr. This is converted to g CO2 m-2 hr-1. S = (Wsl x 1. 69) / (Ac x T) where, S is CO2 evolution (g CO2 m-2 h-1), Wsl is the soda lime weight gain, 1. 69 is the C absorption rate of soda-lime, Ac is the chamber area (m2), and T is the sampling time in hours. Do the same advisement for the control (blank) and subtract that value from the sample calculation to derive the correct CO2 evolution from the soil. In Excel choose an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine if there are significant differences (P

A Critique of the Qualitative Research Essay

Beatrice J. Kalisch, PhD, RN, FAAN, reports her soft theme Missed confine C atomic number 18 on medical-surgical units in the diary of Nursing C atomic number 18 Quality. In the article, Nursing Care A Qualitative Study, the investigator helps us understand what care for help regularly helpless on medical-surgical unit and what are the reasons breast feeding rung give for not complementary these aspects of care. The referee depart examine her habituate of grounded theory soft enquiry mode based on the guidelines provided by Geri LoBiondo-Wood and Judith Haber (2014). This enquiry report will be analyzed using the criteria found in the Critiquing Criteria box on p. 135-136 in Nursing question Methods and Critical judgement for Evidence-Based Practice.Statement of the Phenomenon of involutionIn Research Methods and Critical appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, the composes define phenomena as those things that are perceived by our senses (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 20 14). The query sort outly states the phenomenon of internet in the introduction, unique(predicate) aspects of nursing care mazed routinely and nursing staff reasons wherefore these elements of care are prioritized as less important than otherwises (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Beatrice Kalisch (2006) utilise the soft research method be consume the she had to discover information about her phenomenon from nurses get words in their medical-surgical units.Kalisch (2006) explained, A literature search revealed a lack of studies about The specific aspects of lost nursing care and the association amongst less staffing and the negative outcomes (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). The investigator realizes current relationship between nursing staff and poor forbearing outcomes. Kalisch found there was a gap and motiveed to discover what the wanting nursing care was and why it is deficient. Kalisch helps her audience understand the philosophical underpinnings by explaining the utility of grou nded theory in phenomenalsense making. The beginnings of Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice differentiate ground theory from other qualitative research methods by stating that ground theory think on motion. The research identifies the appendage elements of her phenomenon rather than just describing it (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.153).PurposeKalisch tells the reader the purpose in her start line of her abstract which is to determine nursing care regularly missed on medical-surgical units and reason for missed care (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). ). Kalisch conveyed to the reader, Ensuring quality nursing care and patient safety is a major challenge facing nurses and nurse leaders today (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Thus, this research is done to discover what can interpolate nursing practice to ensure better patient outcomes.MethodThe agents of Research Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice defines grounded theory as different types of qual itative research method in that it goes beyond the traditional methods of phenomenology and ethnography, which focus on the process that is at the heart of the inquiry (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.154). According to Glaser and Strauss (1967), grounded theory method was developed originally as a sociologists tool and Denzin and capital of Nebraska (1998) add researchersuse the grounded theory method when they are interested in social process from the perspective of human interactions (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 116). Kalisch analyzed social process among nurses who are divided by job title into focus groups. She right use grounded theory method to discover the phenomenon and collect data for the verbalize purpose. However, it is unclear if the study followed the guidelines of the grounded theory method.SamplingIn Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2014) explains In qualitative studies, the researchers are usually looking for purposive samplinga particular kind of person who can illuminate the phenomenon they want to study (p. 100). The reader exists Kalisch (2006) purpose is about the views of nurses on medical-surgical units, and the author does interviews with A total of 107 registered nurses, 15 licensed practical nurses, and 51 nursing assistants, working inmedical-surgical patient care units from ii different hospitals (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306).These nurses live the experiences of missed nursing care and can shed light on why care is missed on medical-surgical unit therefore, they are an appropriate precedent for this phenomenon of study. However, Kalisch could made a stronger sample for the grounded theory method if she included the dustup purposive sample , explained why this group of nursing staff was chosen, and abandoned details about the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the sample (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 100).Data solicitationThe description of data collection lacks details in Kalisch (2006). The reader knows the author interviewed 25 focus groups using semistructured design and each interview lasted 90-120 minutes and the interviewees were asked to commit to confidentiality (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306-7). The data collection did include human experience which was the nursing staff. Though the author states asking the interviewees to commit to confidentiality, but this is not luxuriant to protect them from disclosure. In addition, data saturation isnt confirmed and bittie known about the data collection process. The author should have verbalize during the interviews nothing new is emerging (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 101). Further more(prenominal), the author should included clues about questions that were asked and if anything quiet from the interviews focused her study.Data AnalysisThe author used qualitative compend software to apply a grounded theory approach by which experiential data are thematically categorized by induction (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). in that location are two analyses of the tape-recorded, fully transcribed interviews, and to be included as a theme, supporting data had to be contained in all of the focus groups (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). The reader identifies the research to be true to data because, as the two analyses extracted the same issues from the empirical material (Kalischp. 307). Trustworthiness, known as rigor for qualitative research, is established through credibility, auditability, and fittingness, none of which is communicated by Kalisch (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). Credibility requires that the informants recognize the experience to be their own (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author never discussedtaking the themes obtained from the interviews back to the nurses to cede the interviewees the luck to confirm the findings. Nor does the author give any indication that nice time was allowed for full understanding of the phenomenon.Auditability requires that others, not en gaged in the research, be able to follow the auditrial of the primary researcher (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author should have expound data saturation as mentioned previously. In the data analyses section of Kalisch (2006) the author mentioned grounded theory method was used for extraction of themes from the interviews. However, the reader doesnt know the systematic process used, if there was open coding and constant comparative method (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117). The neglect of giving the step-by-step process inhibits the readers ability to follow the thinking of the researcher.Fittingness is the criterion that provides the reader with an opportunity to determine the usefulness of the data outside of the study (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.156). The reader knows the author chose grounded theory method appropriately for the purpose of Kalisch (2006) however, because of missing information the reader is unsure if this is study is repeated in other hospit als or other units if the same themes would evolve (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117-120). If the author gave the systematic process the study could be replicated. This necessary information would allow wider application to other professions.FindingsThe author gives large(p) details in the findings section of Kalisch (2006) allowing the reader to apprehend the essences of the experience (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 130). hold of quotes from the interviews allowed the reader to understand how the themes emerged (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 108). The authors conceptualizations are sincere to the findings. The golf club elements of regularly missed nursing careand 7 themes relative to the reasons for missing this care described in Kalisch (2006) abstract is clearly defined end-to-end the findings section (p. 306-310). Additionally, in the discussion section the author relates the findings to the literature surveil (Kalisch, 2006, p. 310-311). The author discussed how ot her research corroborated these findings and many studies have pointed to the relationship between number of patients per nurse andnegative outcomes (Kalisch, 2006, p. 311).Conclusions, Implications, and RecommendationsIn the implication section, the author expresses the use of her findings to change nursing practice and decrease the problem of missed nursing care (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author continues to maintain confidence about her findings in the conclusion, it is clear that nurses are often distracted for careand should be engaged in delegation training and performance follow-up (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Yet, the author declares a drive for further research because only 2 facilities were studied and additional studies are needed to determine the validity of these findings (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author recommends implications for nursing practice by the details to examine this phenomenon on their unit by doing root cause and other analysesto determine the causes of the problem and strategies to address them (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Plus, the author gives suggestions about increase of a tool to measure missed care and questions to answer in future research.After scrutiny of Kalisch (2006) the reader has an understanding the author used qualitative, grounded theory method to study missed nursing care and staff reasons why they were missed. However, before application of these findings the reader should conduct more research and more analyses because Kalisch (2006) findings are not conclusive. Also, the reader would have to do more literature review or even contact author if mathematical to gain more knowledge about her process of sampling, collection and analyses so the study can be repeated and validity of the findings can be affirmed.ReferencesDenzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1998). The landscape of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory Strategies for qualitative re search. Chicago, IL Aldine. Kalisch, B.J. (2006). Missed Nursing Care A qualitative study. Journal of nursing care quality, 21(4), 306-13. LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research Methods and critical appraisal for usher based practice (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby-Elsevier.

Experimental in science Essay

investigate OneA detective wanted to test the effect of caffeine on sleep. Fifty scholarly persons volunteered to participate in the study and sign-language(a) up for one of two nights. Thirty-three students participated on Tuesday night. They each were effrontery two cups of regular coffee tree to drink one hour in advance going to sleep. Seventeen students participated on Wednesday night. They each were given two cups of decaffeinated coffee to drink one hour before going to sleep. Each student was monitored with an EEG (a test that looks at brain function) to record exactly when they criminal asleep. Students in the caffeine group took significantly longer to f solely asleep. The researcher concluded that caffeine interferes with the ability to fall asleep.1. What was the independent varying for investigate One?2. What was the dependent variable for Experiment One?3. What components of the sample were determined up properly?4. How could Experiment One be change?Expe riment TwoA researcher wanted to determine if a juvenile anti-anxiety drug decreased anxiety levels. Three hundred patients were given the reinvigorated drug and three hundred patients were given a placebo (also known as a sugar pill that does not contain any medicine). every last(predicate) of the patients were told they were receiving the overbold drug and were monitored for six months. At the end of the six months, all of the patient information was analyzed and the researcher concluded that because the patients given the placebo indicated the similar reduction in anxiety as the patients given the new drug, the new drug was ineffective in decreasing anxiety levels.5. What was the independent variable for Experiment Two?6. What was the dependent variable for Experiment Two?7. What components of the experiment were set up properly?8. How could Experiment Two be improved?9. Describe how a variable was NOT controlled in one of the two experiments. How might this have impacted th e results?

How Language Transformed Humanity Essay

The evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel states, in his speech, that terminology is the most powerful, barbarian and revolutionary trace of the human being ever evolved. The purpose of the verbaliser is to inform about the great and potent features of this trait. Pagel explains to us that when we talk, we be fit to transfer thoughts in both(prenominal)one elses mind and vice-versa using much(prenominal) a form of telemetry. In other words this process is resembling to what happens between TV remote control and television.According to this biologist manner of speaking is one of the most subversive means that we fundament use to stockpile ourselves. One very representative example is the censorship and the awareness that we give to pay attention to when we say or write anything. Going on, Mr Pagel poses both important questions he asks the reason why language evolves itself, and why it evolved in our species and not in others. The answer is that only human beings have a spec ial feature named favorable learning, which lets us improve ourselves by watching and copying the actions that someone else did.Such a revolutionary characteristic could also prevent us from making the same mistakes and allows us to do the same action better than before. So we make progresses, whereas the smarter animals remain doing some activities over and over again, without big advancements. As a precede of the hearty learning or, as anthropologists call it, cumulative cultural adaptation we can make stuff, and all the things that surround us are consequences of this process. Now we are moving towards a critical point, which is Why do we have language? .First, Mr. Pagel states that social learning is visual theft. We can learn stealing ideas and good from the exceed qualities of someone else, without working on something or persevering on it. Secondly he reveals us that when human beings discovered this aspect of social learning (thousands of years ago) arose a dilemma How can we preserve our best ideas and avoid that others steal them? . Our ancestors could have behaved in the following ways concentrating themselves in small groups so as to bequeath the acquired information to offspring.But the result would have been isolation and a slight improvement. Or they could have created a system of communication to start cooperating with one another and share everything useful. plainly they had chosen the second option and in this way language was born. So the solution to the previous dilemma is communication. Then Mr. Pagel points out how peculiar the occurrence is that we have 8000 different languages spoken on Earth. More surprising is that the superlative density is located in the smallest areas such as islands.This is related to the angle of inclination of people to isolate in small groups in order to cheer identities and cultures. On the other side nowadays we communicate a solidification more than in the past. But our modern beingness founded o n connectivity and cooperation is curb by the variety of languages. This raises the question is it possible in our globalized and standardized world to have all these different languages? . Mr. Pagel has no answer but it seems indispensable that our destiny might be a one language world.

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay

most(prenominal) query into sexual urge roles has occurred in Western societies, and gener totallyy shows a illumine divide in sex roles, most encouraging masculine conduct in boys, and feminine behaviour in girls. However, in order to elevate explore the base of temperawork forcet vs. nurture (biological vs. social approach) it is important to inquiry sex roles in a variety of countries.If clear themes, it may hint that sex role developwork forcet is genius, as would show that hands argon exchangeable to men a chase after the whole world, and come towise for feminines, showing on that point must be somewhatthing ascertain the way men counterfeit, whereas if there be clear culture differences, it would imply social occurrenceors determine gender. Cross pagan research has been explored for many years by anthropologists.Some of the earliest work came from Margret Mead in the 1930s. Comparing three Papua New Guinean tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the T chambuli, she discovered contrary behaviours displayed by two men and women in each individual tribe. In the Arapesh, men and women were seen to be gentle, responsive- fitting the Western stereotype as feminine.In the Mundugumor tribe, she comprise staminates and females to violent and hostile- the Western stereotype of masculinity and finally in the Tchambuli tribe, she found role reversal to Western stereotypes, as males were more than(prenominal) than emotionally dependant and flirtatious, whereas the females were dominant, impersonal and definite. Although at first, Mead reason out that her research showed that gender roles came through with(predicate) cultural determinism as big differences were found mingled with males and females in varied cultures, implying that gender roles were driven by social factors.However, after later psychoanalysis and extending her research to look at other tribes in Samoa, she changed her view (1949) to that her research actually show ed cultural determinism, as notwithstanding differences in the roles males and females played in each society, in all the societies she looked at men were more aggressive than the women, contri justing to the idea that gender role is determined by nature, as there atomic number 18 some behaviours which be innate and cosmopolitan, e. g. ggression in men, but that degree to which they are expressed is relative to the particular culture. This fits under the biosocial approach, as her research suggests there are some behaviours which are universal, but the degrees to which these behaviours are expressed depends on social factors, such as culture. Meads make was a natural experiment, meaning the tribes were observed in their usual environment, suggesting she was noting their trustworthy behaviour. However, her method has been heavily criticised by other psychologists such as freewoman (1984).Her research was conducted through interviews and observations of the tribes, but Freeman w ho also worked with Samoan tribes was told that Mead yieldd the tribesmen with what she wanted them to say. Although this questions the validity of her research, in later years there has been grasss of cross cultural research to show differences and similarities and divisions of restriction and behaviour by gender in every society (Munroe and Munroe 1975). Further research to support the nature side of the argument is from silver hake and Edwards 1975.Through looking at 11 non- Hesperian societies, they found that gender roles were organised in similar ways across a range of traditional cultures. They found girls were encouraged to spend more time with their mothers and were more apparent to be given interior(prenominal) and child care jobs, whereas the boys were likely to be assigned jobs outside the house such as herding animals. This lead to girls spending more time with younger infants and adults, whereas boys spent more time with their peers, and so It seemed younger gir ls were found to be more amenable and nurturing than boys who in early adolescence began to get more responsibility.Whiting and Edwards concluded that the behavioral differences observed came about because of the tasks they are given. Girls are taught how to be responsible at a young age as they are exposed to female role models, and develop skills of caring for younger siblings. In another, Whiting and Whiting (1988) observed children in their natural environment with parents, siblings and peers. There were universal differences that girls were more nurturing and boys showed more dominance.However, the fact there were key differences between boys and girls such as what they were socialised into, and what they were encouraged to achieve, implies that both upbringing and biology play a role in development enculturation just magnifies the biological difference, thence differences across cultures such as between US and India. Bee (1995) supported the idea of socialisation being the most important factor in determining gender, as he stated children became the company they keep. However, researches such asOmar et al found similarities in varied countries such as Switzerland, Ethiopia and the US. Their research indicated that all boys show higher levels of competitiveness and aggression than females, indicating there are footslogger biological factors. Further support for the nurture argument comes from Berry et al (2002). They studied male superiority on spatial perceptual tasks in 17 societies. He found that this superiority is only found in relatively tight tumble, sedentary societies but absent in meandering(a) societies.This shows that the magnitude of sex differences is linked to culture and ecology. In tight knit societies, the division of labour is greatest because women stay at home whilst men travel, whereas in nomadic societies, both men and women travel and hunt so there is less division of labour (Van Leeuwen 1978). Therefore, this implies that so cial factors dictate gender role, due to the cultural differences in division of labour found. Berrys large analyse of a variety of societies indicates his results can be illustration of the general population and we can generalise results.However, Kimura (1999) offered an selection biological interpretation, that in hunting societies, those with poor spatial perception are likely to die, therefrom eliminating such genes from the gene pool. This explains why in nomadic societies, there would be less gender difference in spatial abilities. Further biological support comes from Buss et al (1989). Involving 10,000 participants from 37 cultures, he found universal themes in what males and females looked for in marriage partners. Women desired males who had good financial prospects, whereas men placed more important in physical attraction and youthfulness. some(prenominal) sexes agreed intelligence, kindness and reliability are important. Due to the fact these determination were uni versal, and the scale of the study implies we can generalise, it suggests gender roles are biologically determined. However, an alternative argument may be that women look for providers, not because of biology, but because of the fact women tend to earn less in society, and in some countries, fuddle fewer rights, which is a social issue determining differences in gender roles. But despite the fact that labour division are the very(prenominal) in most cultures- irls are brought up to be nurturing, responsible and obedient, likely to raise the children, whereas boys are raised to be more independent, self-reliant and high-achieving, and provide for their family, suggest that it is biology that determines sex roles. However, it is difficult to decipher whether division is the turn to essence of biological differences or whether it is a more indirect outcome of biological differences. Eagly and Wood concluded that all cultures shape their socialisation processes along with the line s of inherent biological tendencies.However, there has been research to counter this. Sugihara and Katsurada (2002) found that Japanese men do no not seek to be macho like Americans, but instead value being well-rounded in the humanities (usually associated as femininity), showing that labour divisions are not the same in all cultures. As well as looking at the divisions of labour between difference cultures, there has also been research into the differences between gender roles in leftist and individualistic cultures.In 2002, Chang, Guo and Hau, compared 145 American and 173 Chinese students by giving the students a 10 distributor point Egalitarian grammatical gender Role Attitudes Scale, which measured their attitudes to gender equality at home and in the work place. Chang et al found that American students emphasised the important of equal gender roles at work, whereas the Chinese students emphasised the importance of equality at home and in the family. Although this does indi cate differences, this may be due to the nature of their home country. In communist China, equality at work is interpreted for granted.Further exploring this, Leung and Moore (2003) compared Australians of side and Chinese decent using Bems SRI and partial(p) differences in line with the Hofstedes dimensions. Both male and female English Australians showed masculine traits which are valued in individualistic cultures, whereas Chinese Australians male and female, showed feminine traits valued in a collectivist culture. Both research studies imply that cultural values and expectations have a strong on the development of gender roles and expectations (nurture). A big enigma with much research is how you measure sex stereotypes.Williams and Best (1990) study highlighted some of the problems linked to this. 2,800 university students from 30 different nations were given a 300 item adjective checklist (ACL) and asked to decide for each adjective whether it was associated more with men or women. They found a broad consensus across countries- men were seen as more dominant, aggressive and autonomous, whereas women were more nurturing, deferent and interested in affiliation. This suggests there are universal gender stereotypes about gender roles, indicating, they are derived though our genes.However, this study proposed many problems in how they measured sex stereotypes. Firstly, the participants had to pick either male or female, there was no equal category (although there was a cannot say category) which may have resulted in the division in gender roles being exaggerated. Furthermore, the task was related to stereotypes, not actual behaviours. Some argue that such stereotypes have a significant effect on socialisation within the culture, and this are related to behaviour, but the selective information does not butt against this.Finally, because all of the participants are students, it indicates there behaviours are similar e. g. intelligences, and exposed to simila r influences which may explain the broad consensus. Another problem is a lot of the cross-cultural research has been collected by western researchers, therefore, even though they were collecting data in western and non-western societies, the method of research depart be developed by western psychology. This may indicated imposed etic, and the data collected is meaningless and demonstrates cultural bias.To overcome this, Berry et al (2002) concluded that there should be a greater use of more authorized indigenous research, opposed to indigenous researchers carrying out the method of western psychologists. To conclude, despite methodological problems, due to the universal similarity in gender roles found in various investigations, it indicated that biology drives gender roles. However, difference found between cultures indicates social factors are also important, so there is a thickening interaction between both factors, so the biosocial approach may be a more suitable approach, as it is less deterministic and acknowledges both aspects.As well, it is important to account for historical changes. Much research was through with(p) in the 1970/1980s when the gender gap in many western countries was much larger than is it today, as it is now accepted that both males and females work, and paternal equality. However, males still occupy more powerful positions than women, and women perform more domestic duties. But it is an important factor to consider when looking at data.